Seafloor Chemistry: Life's building blocks made inorganically

Sid Perkins

Hydrocarbons in the fluids spewing from a set of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor of the central Atlantic were produced by inorganic chemical reactions within the ocean crust, scientists suggest. The finding holds possibly profound implications for the origins of life.

TALL TOWERS. Small amounts of hydrocarbons emitted from the Lost City hydrothermal vent field (map below shows location) were probably produced by inorganic chemical reactions. Proskurowski, et al.

E. Roell

The Lost City hydrothermal field, which sits on the side of an undersea mountain about 2,500 kilometers east of Bermuda, was discovered in December 2000 (SN: 7/14/01, p. 21). Unlike most hydrothermal vents, which crop up along midocean ridges where tectonic plates spread to form new seafloor, those of the Lost City lie about 15 km west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on ocean crust that's about 1.5 million years old. Accordingly, the chemistry of the fluids surging from the Lost City vents differs radically from that found at other hydrothermal sites, says Giora Proskurowski, a geochemist at Woods Hole (Mass.) Oceanographic Institution.

Most hydrothermal vents spew a highly acidic, mineral-rich broth at temperatures as high as 400?C. The sulfide minerals that precipitate when those hot fluids mix with near-freezing seawater form dark, crumbly chimneys that typically reach heights of only 20 meters or so before they collapse. At the Lost City site, however, vent fluids are alkaline, have temperatures between 28?C and 90?C, and are rich in dissolved carbonates, Proskurowski notes. Because carbonate minerals are much stronger than sulfides, the lofty white chimneys that form in the Lost City can grow at least 60 m tall.

Lost City fluids also contain small quantities of hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, and butane. A number of clues suggests that those substances, whose natural production usually results from the long-term heating of sediment rich in organic matter, were actually produced by inorganic chemical reactions, Proskurowski says. First, the rocks beneath the Lost City don't contain large amounts of organic matter. Second, the hydrothermal fluids are rich in dissolved hydrogen but contain a much lower than normal concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide. This suggests that what are called Fischer-Tropsch inorganic chemical reactions, which convert carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen into hydrocarbons, generated the substances.

Finally, the proportion of the carbon-13 isotope in the hydrocarbons found in the Lost City fluids drops as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule grows, a trend opposite that found in sediment-derived hydrocarbons but characteristic of those generated by inorganic reactions, Proskurowski and his colleagues report in the Feb. 1 Science.

Although some types of microorganisms that inhabit the mineral chimneys in the Lost City may have generated a portion of the fluids' dissolved methane, none found there could have produced the ethane, butane, or other organic compounds in the vents' brew. Finding butane in the fluids is particularly important, because that hydrocarbon is a building block for some of the organic substances found in cell membranes, Proskurowski notes.

"If what they've found is right, it has significant implications for the origin of life," says Allan J. Hall, a geochemist at the University of Glasgow in Scotland.

Robert M. Hazen, a geophysicist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington (D.C.), agrees: "This is an exciting finding ... that demonstrates there are so many ways to make hydrocarbons in an abiogenic setting." The largest barrier to making the complex, sulfur- and nitrogen-bearing molecules characteristic of living organisms is creating long-chain hydrocarbon precursors like those found in the Lost City fluids, he says.

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References:

Proskurowski, G., et al. 2008. Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City hydrothermal field. Science 319(Feb. 1):604-607. Abstract available at http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/319/5863/604.

Further Readings:

Perkins, S. 2003. Long-term ocean venting: Seafloor system has been active for ages. Science News 164(July 26):52. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20030726/fob3.asp.

______. 2001. New type of hydrothermal vent looms large. Science News 160(July 14):21. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20010714/fob3.asp.

______. 2000. Cooking up a key chemical of life. Science News 158(Sept. 9):175. Available to subscribers at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20000909/note15.asp.

Simpson, S. 1999. Life's first scalding steps. Science News 155(Jan. 9):24. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/1_9_99/bob1.htm.

Sources:

Allan J. Hall
Department of Archaeology
University of Glasgow
The Gregory Building
Lilybank Gardens
Glasgow G12 8QQ
Scotland

Robert M. Hazen
Carnegie Institution of Washington
Geophysical Laboratory
5251 Broad Branch Road, N.W.
Washington, DC 20015-1305

Giora K. Proskurowski
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Fye 107C, MS#4
Woods Hole, MA 02543